API使我們能夠從服務(wù)器發(fā)出檢索數(shù)據(jù)的請(qǐng)求。API在許多方面都很有用，但其中之一是能夠?yàn)閿?shù)據(jù)科學(xué)項(xiàng)目創(chuàng)建唯一的數(shù)據(jù)集。在本教程中，我們將學(xué)習(xí)一些用于Last.fm API的高級(jí)技術(shù)。
在我們的初學(xué)者大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python API教程中，我們使用了一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的API，非常適合教授基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)：
a.它具有一些易于理解的終點(diǎn)。
b.因?yàn)樗恍枰矸蒡?yàn)證，所以我們不必?fù)?dān)心如何告訴API我們有權(quán)使用它。
c.每個(gè)端點(diǎn)響應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)都很小，并且結(jié)構(gòu)易于理解。
實(shí)際上，大多數(shù)API都比這更復(fù)雜，因此要使用它們，您需要了解一些更高級(jí)的概念。具體來(lái)說(shuō)，我們將學(xué)習(xí)：
a.如何使用API??密鑰進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證。
b.如何使用速率限制和其他技術(shù)在A(yíng)PI準(zhǔn)則內(nèi)工作。
c.如何使用分頁(yè)處理較大的響應(yīng)。
本教程假定您了解使用大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python使用API??的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。如果您不這樣做，我們建議您開(kāi)始我們的初學(xué)者API教程。我們還假設(shè)您具有大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python和pandas的中級(jí)知識(shí)。如果您不這樣做，則可以通過(guò)我們的大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python基礎(chǔ)課程免費(fèi)開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)。
使用Last.fm API
我們將使用Last.fm API。Last.fm是一項(xiàng)音樂(lè)服務(wù)，可通過(guò)連接到iTunes，Spotify等類(lèi)似的音樂(lè)流應(yīng)用程序并跟蹤您聽(tīng)的音樂(lè)來(lái)建立個(gè)人資料。
他們提供對(duì)API的免費(fèi)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)權(quán)，以便音樂(lè)服務(wù)可以向其發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)，還可以提供終結(jié)點(diǎn)，以匯總Last.fm在各種藝術(shù)家，歌曲和流派上擁有的所有數(shù)據(jù)。我們將使用他們的API建立熱門(mén)藝術(shù)家的數(shù)據(jù)集。
遵循API準(zhǔn)則
使用API??時(shí)，請(qǐng)務(wù)必遵循其準(zhǔn)則。如果您不這樣做，則可能會(huì)被禁止使用該API。除此之外，特別是當(dāng)一家公司免費(fèi)提供API時(shí)，請(qǐng)尊重他們的限制和準(zhǔn)則，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有提供任何東西。
查看API文檔中的Introduction頁(yè)面，我們會(huì)注意到一些重要的準(zhǔn)則：
請(qǐng)?jiān)谒姓?qǐng)求上使用可識(shí)別的User-Agent標(biāo)頭。這有助于我們進(jìn)行日志記錄，并減少被禁止的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
向last.fm API發(fā)出請(qǐng)求時(shí)，可以使用headers標(biāo)識(shí)自己。Last.fm希望我們?cè)跇?biāo)頭中指定一個(gè)用戶(hù)代理，以便他們知道我們是誰(shuí)。我們將在稍后提出第一個(gè)請(qǐng)求時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)如何執(zhí)行此操作。
在確定要撥打多少次電話(huà)時(shí)，請(qǐng)使用常識(shí)。例如，如果要制作Web應(yīng)用程序，請(qǐng)嘗試不要在頁(yè)面加載時(shí)點(diǎn)擊API。如果您的應(yīng)用程序每秒持續(xù)撥打多個(gè)電話(huà)，則您的帳戶(hù)可能會(huì)被暫停。
為了構(gòu)建我們的數(shù)據(jù)集，我們將需要向Last.fm API發(fā)出數(shù)千個(gè)請(qǐng)求。盡管他們沒(méi)有在文檔中提供具體的限制，但他們確實(shí)建議我們不要持續(xù)每秒進(jìn)行多次呼叫。在本教程中，我們將學(xué)習(xí)一些限制速率的策略，或者確保我們不會(huì)過(guò)多使用它們的API，以便避免被禁止。
在發(fā)出第一個(gè)請(qǐng)求之前，我們需要學(xué)習(xí)如何使用Last.fm API進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證
使用API??密鑰進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證
大多數(shù)API都要求您進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證，以便他們知道您有權(quán)使用它們。身份驗(yàn)證的最常見(jiàn)形式之一是使用API密鑰，就像使用其API的密碼一樣。如果在發(fā)出請(qǐng)求時(shí)未提供API密鑰，則會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。
使用API??密鑰的過(guò)程如下：
a.您使用API??的提供者創(chuàng)建一個(gè)帳戶(hù)。
b.您需要一個(gè)API密鑰，該密鑰通常是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)字符串，例如54686973206973206d7920415049204b6579。
c.您可以將API密鑰記錄在安全的地方，例如密碼保存器。如果有人獲得了您的API密鑰，那么他們可以使用偽裝成您的API。
d.每次發(fā)出請(qǐng)求時(shí)，您都提供API密鑰以進(jìn)行身份??驗(yàn)證。
要獲取Last.fm的API密鑰，請(qǐng)先創(chuàng)建一個(gè)帳戶(hù)。創(chuàng)建帳戶(hù)后，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)到以下表格：
在每個(gè)字段中填寫(xiě)有關(guān)您計(jì)劃如何使用API??的信息。您可以將“回調(diào)URL”字段保留為空白，因?yàn)閮H當(dāng)您正在構(gòu)建要驗(yàn)證為特定Last.fm用戶(hù)的Web應(yīng)用程序時(shí)才使用此字段。
提交表單后，您將獲得API密鑰和共享密鑰的詳細(xì)信息：
請(qǐng)?jiān)诎踩牡胤接浵逻@些內(nèi)容-本教程無(wú)需使用共享密鑰，但最好記下它，以防萬(wàn)一您想做一些需要您作為特定用戶(hù)進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證的事情。
發(fā)出我們的第一個(gè)API請(qǐng)求
為了創(chuàng)建熱門(mén)藝術(shù)家的數(shù)據(jù)集，我們將使用chart.getTopArtists端點(diǎn)。
查看Last.fm API文檔，我們可以觀(guān)察到以下幾點(diǎn)：
a.看起來(lái)只有一個(gè)真實(shí)的端點(diǎn)，并且實(shí)際上每個(gè)“端點(diǎn)”都是使用method參數(shù)指定的。
b.文檔說(shuō)此服務(wù)不需要身份驗(yàn)證。盡管起初看起來(lái)似乎有些混亂，但它告訴我們的是，我們不需要身份驗(yàn)證為特定的Last.fm用戶(hù)。如果您在此之上看，您會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)我們確實(shí)需要提供我們的API密鑰。
c.API可以返回多種格式的結(jié)果-我們將指定JSON，以便我們可以利用我們?cè)诖髷?shù)據(jù)分析Python中使用API??的已知知識(shí)
在開(kāi)始之前，請(qǐng)記住，當(dāng)我們發(fā)出請(qǐng)求時(shí)，我們需要提供一個(gè)用戶(hù)代理標(biāo)頭來(lái)標(biāo)識(shí)自己。使用大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python請(qǐng)求庫(kù)，我們使用headers參數(shù)和標(biāo)頭字典來(lái)指定標(biāo)頭，如下所示：
我們將從定義API密鑰和用戶(hù)代理開(kāi)始(本教程中顯示的API密鑰不是真正的API密鑰!)
接下來(lái)，我們將導(dǎo)入請(qǐng)求庫(kù)，為標(biāo)頭和參數(shù)創(chuàng)建字典，然后發(fā)出第一個(gè)請(qǐng)求!
我們的請(qǐng)求返回的狀態(tài)碼為“ 200”，因此我們知道成功了。
在查看請(qǐng)求返回的數(shù)據(jù)之前，請(qǐng)考慮一下在本教程中我們將發(fā)出許多請(qǐng)求的事實(shí)。在這些請(qǐng)求中，許多功能將是相同的：
a.我們將使用相同的URL
b.我們將使用相同的API密鑰
c.我們將指定JSON作為我們的格式。
d.我們將使用相同的標(biāo)題。
為了節(jié)省時(shí)間，我們將創(chuàng)建一個(gè)函數(shù)來(lái)為我們完成很多工作。我們將為該函數(shù)提供一個(gè)有效負(fù)載字典，然后將額外的鍵添加到該字典，并將其與其他選項(xiàng)一起傳遞以發(fā)出請(qǐng)求。
讓我們看一下該函數(shù)的外觀(guān)：
正如我們?cè)诔鯇W(xué)者大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python API教程中所了解的那樣，大多數(shù)API都以JSON格式返回?cái)?shù)據(jù)，并且我們可以使用大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python json模塊以更易于理解的格式打印JSON數(shù)據(jù)。
讓我們重新使用jprint()在該教程中創(chuàng)建的函數(shù)，并打印來(lái)自API的響應(yīng)：
{
"artists": {
"@attr": {
"page": "1",
"perPage": "50",
"total": "2901036",
"totalPages": "58021"
},
"artist": [
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1957174",
"mbid": "b7539c32-53e7-4908-bda3-81449c367da6",
"name": "Lana Del Rey",
"playcount": "232808939",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Lana+Del+Rey"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "588883",
"mbid": "",
"name": "Billie Eilish",
"playcount": "35520548",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Billie+Eilish"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "655052",
"mbid": "",
"name": "Post Malone",
"playcount": "34942708",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Post+Malone"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "2290993",
"mbid": "20244d07-534f-4eff-b4d4-930878889970",
"name": "Taylor Swift",
"playcount": "196907702",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Taylor+Swift"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1166180",
"mbid": "f4fdbb4c-e4b7-47a0-b83b-d91bbfcfa387",
"name": "Ariana Grande",
"playcount": "124251766",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Ariana+Grande"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "1716587",
"mbid": "b8a7c51f-362c-4dcb-a259-bc6e0095f0a6",
"name": "Ed Sheeran",
"playcount": "92646726",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Ed+Sheeran"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4084524",
"mbid": "420ca290-76c5-41af-999e-564d7c71f1a7",
"name": "Queen",
"playcount": "197850122",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Queen"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4449534",
"mbid": "164f0d73-1234-4e2c-8743-d77bf2191051",
"name": "Kanye West",
"playcount": "250533444",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Kanye+West"
},
{
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"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "2976178",
"mbid": "69ee3720-a7cb-4402-b48d-a02c366f2bcf",
"name": "The Cure",
"playcount": "160080692",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/The+Cure"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4472323",
"mbid": "95e1ead9-4d31-4808-a7ac-32c3614c116b",
"name": "The Killers",
"playcount": "211585596",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/The+Killers"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "2974470",
"mbid": "d6e0e274-8e19-44ce-b5b2-52c12f8a674a",
"name": "Led Zeppelin",
"playcount": "191578475",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Led+Zeppelin"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "3825396",
"mbid": "056e4f3e-d505-4dad-8ec1-d04f521cbb56",
"name": "Daft Punk",
"playcount": "212334330",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Daft+Punk"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "4019451",
"mbid": "f59c5520-5f46-4d2c-b2c4-822eabf53419",
"name": "Linkin Park",
"playcount": "299550825",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Linkin+Park"
},
{
"image": [
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/34s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "small"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/64s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "medium"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/174s/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "large"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "extralarge"
},
{
"#text": "https://lastfm-img2.akamaized.net/i/u/300x300/2a96cbd8b46e442fc41c2b86b821562f.png",
"size": "mega"
}
],
"listeners": "487567",
"mbid": "c6bfb05d-f570-46c8-98e1-e25441189770",
"name": "Khalid",
"playcount": "15759258",
"streamable": "0",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/music/Khalid"
}
]
}
}
JSON響應(yīng)的結(jié)構(gòu)為：
1)具有單個(gè)artists鍵的字典，其中包含：
2)@attr包含許多有關(guān)響應(yīng)的屬性 的鍵。
3)artist包含藝術(shù)家對(duì)象列表 的鍵。
讓我們單獨(dú)看一下'@attr'(屬性)鍵：
這個(gè)API端點(diǎn)的結(jié)果中總共有近三百萬(wàn)位藝術(shù)家，我們正在單個(gè)頁(yè)面中顯示前50位藝術(shù)家。將結(jié)果分布在多個(gè)頁(yè)面上的技術(shù)稱(chēng)為分頁(yè)。
處理分頁(yè)數(shù)據(jù)
為了建立包含許多藝術(shù)家的數(shù)據(jù)集，我們需要為每個(gè)頁(yè)面提出一個(gè)API請(qǐng)求，然后將它們放在一起。我們可以使用文檔中指定的兩個(gè)可選參數(shù)來(lái)控制結(jié)果的分頁(yè)：
1)limit：每頁(yè)要提取的結(jié)果數(shù)(默認(rèn)為50)。
2)page：我們要獲取結(jié)果的哪一頁(yè)。
因?yàn)?#39;@attrs'鍵為我們提供了總頁(yè)數(shù)，所以我們可以使用while循環(huán)并在頁(yè)面上進(jìn)行迭代，直到頁(yè)面號(hào)等于最后一個(gè)頁(yè)面號(hào)為止。
我們還可以使用limit參數(shù)在每個(gè)頁(yè)面中獲取更多結(jié)果-我們將在每個(gè)頁(yè)面中獲取500個(gè)結(jié)果，因此我們只需要進(jìn)行約6,000次調(diào)用，而無(wú)需進(jìn)行約60,000次調(diào)用。
讓我們看一下如何構(gòu)造代碼的示例：
正如我們剛才提到的，我們需要為此端點(diǎn)進(jìn)行近6,000次調(diào)用，這意味著我們需要考慮速率限制以符合Last.fm API的服務(wù)條款。讓我們看一些方法。
限速
速率限制是使用代碼來(lái)限制我們達(dá)到特定API的每秒次數(shù)。速率限制將使您的代碼變慢，但是比完全禁止使用API??更好。
執(zhí)行速率限制的最簡(jiǎn)單方法是使用大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python time.sleep()函數(shù)。此函數(shù)接受一個(gè)浮點(diǎn)數(shù)，該浮點(diǎn)數(shù)指定要等待的秒數(shù)，然后再繼續(xù)操作。
例如，以下代碼將在兩個(gè)打印語(yǔ)句之間等待四分之一秒：
因?yàn)檫M(jìn)行API調(diào)用本身需要一些時(shí)間，所以我們很可能每秒要進(jìn)行2到3次調(diào)用，而不是每秒休眠0.25秒所建議的4次調(diào)用。這足以使我們保持在Last.fm的閾值以下(如果我們要打他們的API數(shù)小時(shí)，我們可能會(huì)選擇一個(gè)更低的速率)。
另一種對(duì)速率限制有用的技術(shù)是使用本地?cái)?shù)據(jù)庫(kù)來(lái)緩存任何API調(diào)用的結(jié)果，因此，如果我們兩次進(jìn)行相同的調(diào)用，則第二次從本地緩存中讀取它。想象一下，在編寫(xiě)代碼時(shí)，您發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤并且循環(huán)失敗，因此您必須重新開(kāi)始。通過(guò)使用本地緩存，您有兩個(gè)好處：
a.您無(wú)需進(jìn)行不必要的額外API調(diào)用。
b.從緩存中讀取重復(fù)的調(diào)用時(shí)，無(wú)需等待額外的時(shí)間進(jìn)行速率限制。
我們可以用來(lái)結(jié)合等待和緩存的邏輯如下所示：
為本地緩存創(chuàng)建邏輯是一項(xiàng)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的任務(wù)，但是有一個(gè)很棒的庫(kù)稱(chēng)為requests-cache，該庫(kù)只需幾行代碼即可為您完成所有工作。
您可以使用pip安裝請(qǐng)求緩存：
然后，我們要做的就是導(dǎo)入庫(kù)并調(diào)用requests_cache.install_cache()函數(shù)，該庫(kù)將透明地緩存新的API請(qǐng)求，并在每次重復(fù)調(diào)用時(shí)都使用該緩存。
我們應(yīng)該考慮的最后一件事是，我們的6,000個(gè)請(qǐng)求可能會(huì)花費(fèi)大約30分鐘的時(shí)間，因此，我們將在每個(gè)循環(huán)中打印一些輸出，以便可以看到所有內(nèi)容。我們將使用I大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python顯示技巧在每次運(yùn)行后清除輸出，以便使筆記本中的內(nèi)容看起來(lái)更整潔。
讓我們開(kāi)始吧!
import time
from I大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python.core.display import clear_output
responses = []
page = 1
total_pages = 99999 # this is just a dummy number so the loop starts
while page < = total_pages:
payload = {
'method': 'chart.gettopartists',
'limit': 500,
'page': page
}
# print some output so we can see the status
print("Requesting page {}/{}".format(page, total_pages))
# clear the output to make things neater
clear_output(wait = True)
# make the API call
response = lastfm_get(payload)
# if we get an error, print the response and halt the loop
if response.status_code != 200:
print(response.text)
break
# extract pagination info
page = int(response.json()['artists']['@attr']['page'])
total_pages = int(response.json()['artists']['@attr']['totalPages'])
# append response
responses.append(response)
# if it's not a cached result, sleep
if not getattr(response, 'from_cache', False):
time.sleep(0.25)
# increment the page number
page += 1
Requesting page 5803/5803
第一次運(yùn)行該代碼，大約需要半個(gè)小時(shí)。由于存在緩存，第二次會(huì)更快(可能不到一分鐘!)
處理數(shù)據(jù)
讓我們使用熊貓來(lái)查看responses列表中第一個(gè)響應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)：
我們可以使用列表推導(dǎo)對(duì)的每個(gè)響應(yīng)執(zhí)行此操作responses，為我們提供數(shù)據(jù)幀列表，然后使用該pandas.concat()函數(shù)將數(shù)據(jù)幀列表轉(zhuǎn)換為單個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)幀。
我們的下一步將是刪除圖像列，其中包含藝術(shù)家圖像的URL，從分析的角度來(lái)看，這些URL對(duì)我們并沒(méi)有真正幫助。
現(xiàn)在，讓我們使用DataFrame.info()和了解一些數(shù)據(jù)DataFrame.describe()：
我們?cè)鞠Ｍ?,000,000名藝術(shù)家，但我們只有10,500名。其中只有10,000個(gè)是唯一的(例如，有重復(fù)項(xiàng))。
讓我們?cè)陧憫?yīng)對(duì)象列表中查看藝術(shù)家列表的長(zhǎng)度，以了解是否可以更好地了解出了什么問(wèn)題。
看起來(lái)我們的請(qǐng)求中只有20個(gè)具有響應(yīng)列表-讓我們按順序查看前50個(gè)，看看是否有某種模式。
看起來(lái)在前20個(gè)響應(yīng)之后，此API不會(huì)返回任何數(shù)據(jù)-未記錄的限制。
這不是世界末日，因?yàn)?0,000名藝術(shù)家仍然是大量數(shù)據(jù)。讓我們擺脫前面檢測(cè)到的重復(fù)項(xiàng)。
使用第二個(gè)Last.fm API端點(diǎn)增強(qiáng)數(shù)據(jù)
為了使我們的數(shù)據(jù)更有趣，讓我們使用另一個(gè)last.fm API端點(diǎn)來(lái)添加有關(guān)每個(gè)藝術(shù)家的一些額外數(shù)據(jù)。
Last.fm允許其用戶(hù)創(chuàng)建“標(biāo)簽”以對(duì)藝術(shù)家進(jìn)行分類(lèi)。通過(guò)使用artist.getTopTags端點(diǎn)，我們可以從單個(gè)藝術(shù)家那里獲得頂級(jí)標(biāo)簽。
讓我們以我們的一位藝術(shù)家為例，查看該端點(diǎn)的響應(yīng)：
{
"toptags": {
"@attr": {
"artist": "Lana Del Rey"
},
"tag": [
{
"count": 100,
"name": "female vocalists",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/female+vocalists"
},
{
"count": 93,
"name": "indie",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/indie"
},
{
"count": 88,
"name": "indie pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/indie+pop"
},
{
"count": 80,
"name": "pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/pop"
},
{
"count": 67,
"name": "alternative",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/alternative"
},
{
"count": 14,
"name": "american",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/american"
},
{
"count": 13,
"name": "dream pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/dream+pop"
},
{
"count": 12,
"name": "seen live",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/seen+live"
},
{
"count": 10,
"name": "singer-songwriter",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/singer-songwriter"
},
{
"count": 10,
"name": "trip-hop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/trip-hop"
},
{
"count": 7,
"name": "cult",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/cult"
},
{
"count": 7,
"name": "sadcore",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/sadcore"
},
{
"count": 7,
"name": "legend",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/legend"
},
{
"count": 6,
"name": "Lana Del Rey",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/Lana+Del+Rey"
},
{
"count": 6,
"name": "chamber pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/chamber+pop"
},
{
"count": 5,
"name": "baroque pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/baroque+pop"
},
{
"count": 4,
"name": "female vocalist",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/female+vocalist"
},
{
"count": 4,
"name": "alternative pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/alternative+pop"
},
{
"count": 4,
"name": "Retro",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/Retro"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "art pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/art+pop"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "chillout",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/chillout"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "soul",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/soul"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "USA",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/USA"
},
{
"count": 3,
"name": "sexy",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/sexy"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "new york",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/new+york"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "rock",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/rock"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "hollywood sadcore",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/hollywood+sadcore"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "indie rock",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/indie+rock"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "trip hop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/trip+hop"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "female",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/female"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "jazz",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/jazz"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "10s",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/10s"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "folk",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/folk"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "lana",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/lana"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "electronic",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/electronic"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "blues",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/blues"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "2010s",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/2010s"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "vintage",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/vintage"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "alternative rock",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/alternative+rock"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "overrated",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/overrated"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "retro pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/retro+pop"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "beautiful",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/beautiful"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "melancholic",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/melancholic"
},
{
"count": 2,
"name": "dark pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/dark+pop"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "Hollywood Pop",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/Hollywood+Pop"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "chill",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/chill"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "americana",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/americana"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "diva",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/diva"
},
{
"count": 1,
"name": "sad",
"url": "https://www.last.fm/tag/sad"
}
]
}
}
我們實(shí)際上只對(duì)標(biāo)簽名稱(chēng)感興趣，然后僅對(duì)最受歡迎的標(biāo)簽感興趣。讓我們使用列表推導(dǎo)來(lái)創(chuàng)建前三個(gè)標(biāo)記名稱(chēng)的列表：
然后我們可以使用該str.join()方法將列表轉(zhuǎn)換為字符串：
讓我們創(chuàng)建一個(gè)函數(shù)，使用該邏輯為所有藝術(shù)家返回最流行標(biāo)簽的字符串，我們稍后將使用該字符串應(yīng)用于數(shù)據(jù)框中的每一行。
請(qǐng)記住，該函數(shù)將大量連續(xù)使用，因此我們將重用time.sleep()先前的邏輯。
將此功能應(yīng)用于我們的10,000行將需要不到一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間。因此，我們知道事情實(shí)際上正在進(jìn)展中，我們將希望像以前一樣監(jiān)視輸出的操作。
不幸的是，在將函數(shù)與pandas Series.apply()方法一起應(yīng)用時(shí)，我們不能使用手動(dòng)打印輸出的方法。相反，我們將使用tqdm軟件包來(lái)自動(dòng)執(zhí)行此操作。
讓我們看一下操作的結(jié)果：
完成并導(dǎo)出數(shù)據(jù)
在導(dǎo)出數(shù)據(jù)之前，我們可能希望對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行排序，以便將最受歡迎的藝術(shù)家放在頂部。到目前為止，我們只是將數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)為文本而不轉(zhuǎn)換任何類(lèi)型：
首先，將偵聽(tīng)器和播放計(jì)數(shù)列轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字。
artists[["playcount", "listeners"]] = artists[["playcount", "listeners"]].astype(int)
現(xiàn)在，讓我們按聽(tīng)眾數(shù)量排序
最后，我們可以將數(shù)據(jù)集導(dǎo)出為CSV文件。
下一步
在大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python使用Last.fm API獲取音樂(lè)數(shù)據(jù)中，我們學(xué)習(xí)了如何使用大數(shù)據(jù)分析Python來(lái)使用Last.fm API構(gòu)建數(shù)據(jù)集：
a.如何使用API??密鑰通過(guò)API進(jìn)行身份驗(yàn)證
b.如何使用分頁(yè)從API端點(diǎn)收集更大的響應(yīng)
c.如何使用速率限制以保持在A(yíng)PI準(zhǔn)則之內(nèi)。
如果您想擴(kuò)展學(xué)習(xí)范圍，則可以：
a.完成我們的交互式Dataquest API和抓取過(guò)程，您可以免費(fèi)開(kāi)始。
b.探索Lasts.fm API中的其他API端點(diǎn)。
c.嘗試使用此免費(fèi)公共API列表中的一些數(shù)據(jù)。
填寫(xiě)下面表單即可預(yù)約申請(qǐng)免費(fèi)試聽(tīng)！怕錢(qián)不夠？可先就業(yè)掙錢(qián)后再付學(xué)費(fèi)！ 怕學(xué)不會(huì)？助教全程陪讀，隨時(shí)解惑！擔(dān)心就業(yè)？一地學(xué)習(xí)，可推薦就業(yè)！
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